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PASCAL Introduction: This is a 3 rd generation language which mainly used as an instructional language. Contribution to the modern programming languages: 1.         Introduced a new primitive data type ‘Character’ denoted as char in the programming language. 2.         Features: Ø   Program structure: o    Single main block structure where all the subprograms were defined under that same block as nested levels as same as in ALGOL. o    Two types of subprograms, §   Functions §   Procedures Ø   Variable declaration: Syntax is as follows,                         <name> : <type> Ø   Data types: Declaration syntax is as follows, <name> = <type> Ø   Data structures: Ø   Control str...

  Programming Language & Designed Concepts   ALGOL Introduction: Algol is a 2 nd generation language. It was found as a solution for the need for a machine independent programming language. It’s language specification was done using the BNF notation. Major contributions to the modern languages: 1.         Block structure ·          Algol introduced the block structure which was so helpful in developing large scale programs by constructing small components. That was one of the major contribution to the modern programming languages. ·          This made variables to visible within their related scope. Therefore, it avoided the redeclaration of variables which was an advancement helped in the modern languages. 2.       Assignment operation 3.        Dynamic memory management · ...